Salamander
Salamanders are a species of amphibian that look more or less like lizards with frog's skin instead of scales. Found throughout much of the world, salamanders became famous amongst the occultic bestiaries of ancient peoples because of their tendency to inhabit damp logs which people would then toss on fires, resulting in a panicked salamander then "magically" appearing amidst the flames and fleeing to safety. Because of this, salamanders have become mythologically associated with fire, and Paracelsius even described them as being the "elementals" of Fire.
As a result, salamanders have proliferated throughout fantasy media as a kind of lesser dragon; fire-proof and perhaps fire-breathing lizard monsters that usually lack the vast power and/or intelligence of a true dragon.
Several /tg/ settings have their own distinct interprettions of the salamander.
Dungeons & Dragons
In Dungeons & Dragons, Salamanders are a species of elemental-kin (elementals who aren't just masses of animate elemental substance) native to the Elemental Planes of Fire, Magma, Smoke and Ash, though mostly they're associated with fire. D&D Salamanders resemble serpentfolk, having the lower torsos of giant snakes and the upper bodies of humans with flaming hair, webbed elven ears, and deer-like antlers, with the whole thing being covered in mottled copper, orange, yellow and black scales. Making things even weirder, salamanders begin their existences as fiery-scaled but otherwise normal-looking snakes called "fire snakes" (yeah, real imaginative).
There are known to be two types of salamander; the common, or "Lesser", Salamander, and the very rare and deadly Noble Salamander, who is vastly stronger - even shaking off the normal salamander vulnerability to cold - and possesses potent fiery magic. Their absolute killer ability is their innate ability to dispel fire resistance, which, given where they live, can usually end a battle before it begins.
Their default lore in the Monster Manual states that you have roughly an 80% chance of encountering a male salamander and a 20% chance of encountering their female counterparts. Whether this represents their actual gender ratio or the males are just more likely to come to the Prime Material is unknown.
They're mostly known for being immense assholes, respecting only power and relishing the agonizing death of "weaker" creatures in their burning grips or the flames they live in. Their Nobles aren't much better, being tyrants who cruelly enslave and dominate everything around them.
Salamander ichor is a valuable reagent for crafting Potions of Fire Resistance, whilst their metallic spears can be reforged and created into Rings of Fire Resistance.
Because D&D has always liked its grid-filling, there's actually a species of Ice Elemental Kin doppelgangers to the Salamander, the oh-so-imaginatively named "Frost Salamanders". Originating from Mystara, only the oldest of neckbeards will remember them as being anything more than the palatte-swapped salamanders you fought in the first Icewind Dale CRPG.
Warcraft
In Warcraft, salamanders are a fiery sub-species of the dinosaur-like reptilian Kodo Beasts first introduced in Warcraft III, both as a creep unit and as a draenei unit during the Frozen Throne. Statistics for salamanders as unique enemies appears in Warcraft: The Roleplaying Game.
Warhammer Fantasy
In the game of Warhammer Fantasy, salamanders are a species of predatory amphibian who shoot a powerful caustic venom that bursts into flames when it's exposed to oxygen. Resembling dimetrodons, they are some of the oldest of the pseudo-dinosaurs tamed by the Lizardmen of Lustria and the Southlands, with skinks prodding salamanders into battle as living artillery pieces. A task not without its danger, as their Misfire table makes clear - more than one skink "handler" has either been burned to death by a flaming loogie or just eaten alive by its grumpy charge.
Warhammer 40,000
The salamander's imagery is referenced twice in Wrhammer 40,000.
Firstly, the Salamanders are a Space Marine Chapter who specialize in fiery weapons (flamer, plasma and melta) and hunt the indigenous giant lizards of their homeworld as totem beasts.
Secondly, the Salamander Reconnaissance Tank.