Mars
"I would like to die on Mars. Just not on impact."
- – Elon Musk, ancient
avatar of the Omnissiahtech-heretic
Mars is the fourth planet in our solar system. It has a long history of fictitious inhabitants, and its proximity to Earth makes it a popular target for colonization. It has a tendency for probes sent to it to meet bad ends. It also used to be believed to be a dying world, a desert with a primitive Egypt-like civilization making canals and a huge face-shaped landmark, but these later turned out to just be dried up rivers and a mountain, respectively. IRL, Mars has become the most targeted candidate for human colonization efforts. While issues abound like the high amount of solar radiation (which is theorized to have stripped away all of Mars’ early atmosphere), toxic perchlorate salts in the soil, and low gravity, it’s not as severe as airless Luna or hell-hole Venus.
Warhammer 40,000[edit]
In the backstory of Warhammer 40,000, the God-Emperor of Mankind imprisoned a very large shard of the Void Dragon on Mars during the Middle Ages, knowing that He would need it later. Though when He took the Void Dragon to Mars is unclear, so maybe Big-E stored him in the Marianas Trench or underneath the city of Centralia, Pennsylvania [look it up!] and with the advent of space travel centuries later, decided to relocate offworld to Mars, ultimately ending up in the Noctis Labyrinthus. Presumably it amused itself by blowing up space probes during M3.
Mars turned out to be one of the first worlds colonized by humanity because no shit Sherlock it's right fucking there. The colonization and terraforming were backed by industrial cartels and megacorporations, and carried out by their employees. Obsessed with technology and knowledge, its inhabitants upgraded themselves and their planet in every conceivable way. Mars became encrusted with buildings, factories, and laboratories, a sort of hybrid Hive and Forge World (the first of many to come). It was independent of Earth (granted right away to prevent/delay the inevitable secession wars that would come from not granting it) which gave the megacorps free reign on how to treat their employees, leading to usage of slave labor. One particular cartel was infiltrated by a C'tan and flat out became a Chaos cult, this lead to a daemonic incursion on Mars, and later Terra, which was dealt with by an individual theorized to be related to the Emperor.
During the Age of Strife, Mars could no longer import what it needed to maintain its artificially-maintained terraforming (Mars being too small and lacking a magnetic field for it to stick). As a result the cartels collapsed leaving the planet's inhabitants to die. The only groups that survived were those that hoarded enough know-how to build environmentally sealed facilities that could keep air in and mutants out. This led to their tech-obsession becoming fanatical, and their disregard for anything but machinery made sure that the environment would never recover.
Their culture had changed as well; with so much knowledge lost during the dark times (and with some influence of the Dragon), the people of Mars had dedicated themselves to preserving what information they could, and they did this with a religious fervor, coming to be known as the Mechanicum (and even later, reformed as the Adeptus Mechanicus).
The God-Emperor of Mankind won them over to his side for the Great Crusade by pwning their expeditionary fleet they sent to raid Terra for STC printouts (the only remaining knowledge from the Dark Age of Technology), and then promptly promising them first dibs on any terran STC printouts, and the new ones that would be discovered by his Space Marine Legions, and they provided power armor and bolters for his growing armies. Just As Planned.
While most of the Mechanicus was on board with this, unfortunately there was tension within the ranks of a few butthurt tech-priests at the uppermost strata of the leadership fixated on personal gains, and Horus was able to play on this (with more than a little help from Chaos) and sow a civil war as part of the Horus Heresy. And this is where that help from chaos came in, as the aforementioned butthurt senior tech-priests managed to gather followers not with convincing arguments, but just by infecting them with cyber-AIDS, known as scrap code, and robbing them of free will. Terrible weapons were unleashed, from the mighty Titan legions to bizarre techno-organic creatures (which may have been Daemons), and Mars was left even more damaged than before.
The present-day Mars is more or less recovered, though it would never attain the greatness it had before the Horus Heresy. Much of the planet is barely-inhabitable wasteland dotted with forges and hives, where stored knowledge is fragmented at best, and at risk of being subverted by Chaos or, even worse, by the Necrons. Though the new Adeptus Mechanicus is essentially a superstitious priesthood, they retain most of the Imperium's technical knowledge and best technologies; and Mars is still the seat of one of the most powerful Imperial institutions and is among the top percentile of the most productive forge worlds, if not the top forge world.
Pathfinder[edit]
From the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game's Campaign Setting, Golarion, we have Akiton. A typical Mars expy, made of vast red plains of iron-rich sand and stone with two polar icecaps, it's largely inspired by Science Fantasy tales from the early 20th Century; Most notably the Barsoom series by Edgar Rice Burroughs. It has low gravity, a thin but breathable atmosphere and is inhabited by human-like red skinned natives; 12-foot tall, four-armed grey skinned Shobhads whose tribes are constantly a war with each other; ratmen, red-skinned lizardmen and finally, the bizarre Contemplatives of Ashok, who are giant floating brains with crude, thin bodies hanging almost uselessly underneath. Behirs, like on Golarion, can be found along with Death Worms, Elder Things (Usually hibernating in either of the Poles), Denizens of Leng (Who can be found pretty much everywhere else too), Girallons (Giant four-armed apes, also from the Barsoom series), Shoggoths (Usually in the South Pole) and Witch-Wyrds.
The Campaign Setting book "Distant Worlds" deals with Golarion's solar system and its planets.
Space: 1889[edit]
In Space: 1889, a Victorian sci-fi (not steampunk) setting, Mars was the go-to place for exploiting the natives and natural resources. Why deal with human-rights issues in India when you can exploit the non-humans of Mars instead? Mars is also the source of liftwood, used for crafting the hulls of gravity-resistant skygalleons, and useful for aetheric vessels between planets.